The camera accessory market offers an
abundance of filters that we can screw on, slide on or otherwise attach to our
lenses. Along with it there is the
never-ending discussion about their necessity.
Filters certainly are not some frivolous item that sinister accessory
manufacturers have dreamed up to get their hands onto more of our photography
budgets.
For instance, there are color
correction filters. These have lost a
lot of their importance with the advent of digital photography where white
balancing has virtually eliminated their need.
But especially among Leica users, film and film cameras are still widely
used and so are color correction filters.
Anyone who has ever shot under fluorescent lighting appreciates the FLD
and FLB filters that get rid of the ugly green cast common under those lighting
conditions. We have the choice of
daylight and tungsten film, but have the wrong film in your camera, and you
will appreciate a proper color balancing filter to be able to keep on shooting
without ending up with overly red or blue images. Excessive amounts of blue also occur when
shooting during winter with snow covered ground on bright, sunny days. The blue of the sky reflecting off the snow
will generally cause an excess amount of blue, something easily corrected with
a skylight filter.
Then there are a myriad of special
effects filters. These do apply to
equally to film as well as digital photography.
The need or value of them can only be assessed by the individual
photographer. It’s an eye of the
beholder thing.
Finally, there is the issue of lens
protection. Many photographers have UV
filters permanently attached to their lenses as a means of protecting them in
case of a mishap. They certainly offer a
certain amount of protection and the argument that it is a lot less expensive
to replace a filter than a lens does make sense at face value.
However, the main reason for UV
filters is the fact that some films are sensitive to UV light. This is out of the range of most lenses color
correction with the result that the UV light will be recorded as an unsharp
image, adversely affecting the overall image sharpness. UV filters are
therefore designed to block any UV light from reaching the film and thus
eliminate any of the UV associated unsharpness.
With Leica lenses such filters are
unnecessary because Leica lenses are designed to block UV light from
transmitting, making UV filters unnecessary.
During a visit with my father to
Leitz Wetzlar we toured the entire facility with Rudi Kraut as our guide. He showed us everything from the camera
production to the lens grinding department to the lens assembly. At one point he introduced us to a gentleman
who was working in the lens design department.
During our conversation the topic turned to filters. I simply asked what, if any, advise he had
regarding filters. His face took on a
rather stern look while he answered.
“If we had intended our lenses to
have flat pieces of glass in front, we would have designed them that way.”
That caused me to research the topic
once we were back home. After all, how
bad can a flat piece of glass in front of a lens be? Flat is the keyword here. Unfortunately, some filters are less flat
than others. Ideally, a filter is made
of high quality, optical glass and ground from a blank, just like any lens
element. The only difference is that the
two surfaces have no curvature. The same
precision and tolerances should be applied as with lenses. Only that will give the assurance that the
two glass surfaces are perfectly parallel to each other.
Unfortunately that is not always the
case. For one thing, there are two
distinctly different production methods.
One is the grinding process. This
is an expensive process that is only applied by the top filter
manufacturers. Unfortunately, the
majority of filters are made in a much cheaper way. Here large, flat, narrowly rimmed surfaces
are filled with glass granules and then heated to melt the glass into a large
sheet. To make the actual filters, these
glass sheets are again heated to the point where they become pliable and the
filters are stamped in a process not unlike a cookie cutter. Cheap but not very precise. For one thing, the two glass surfaces are not
nearly as parallel as can be assured with the grinding process. Secondly, the stamping does add a considerable
amount of physical distortion to the edges of the filter which in turn does
adversely affect lens performance.
Spectral transmission is another,
important issue. Many filters need to be
made with certain colorations to assure their proper effects. Here too we find considerable differences in
accuracy. High quality filters are
always dyed in the mass, meaning the glasses which the filters are made from
receive the correct coloration during the process of making the glass. Unfortunately this process too is subject to
considerable differences in accuracy.
A much less desirable approach is to
sandwich dyed gels between two pieces of clear glass to achieve the proper
coloration. Not only are there
differences in accuracy regarding the spectral accuracy of the gels, but the
problems of parallelism of the filter surfaces are doubled. This is actually an old, outdated approach
and hardly any filter manufacturer outside of Tiffen still uses this process.
Another criterion is the thickness of
a filter. Regardless how perfectly flat
a filter is made, it will add a certain amount of distortion to any lens it is
used on. The only variance is the focal
length of the lens, with wide angle lenses being more affected by this than
lenses of longer focal lengths.
The worst of all filters are the ones
made of acrylic rather than glass. By nature
these need to be a lot thicker to assure the desired effects. In addition, even the best acrylics are not
nearly as clear as good, optical glass, thus adding to the undesirable effects
of these less expensive alternatives.
The problem lies in the fact that
when light hits the filter, it does not transmit straight through unless the
light hits the filter in a 90 degree angle.
There will always be a certain offset of the light path. The steeper the angle and the thicker the
filter, the more pronounced this is. The
only filters ever made to prevent this are curved filters. These are designed for certain focal lengths
where the curvature is such that the light path through the glass is always
reaching the filter in 90 degree angles.
These filters are prohibitively expensive.
Finally, there are the filter
mounts. Needless to say, we should stay
away from plastic ones. They simply
don’t offer enough precision to be worth any consideration. Most filter mounts are made of aluminum. However, most high quality lenses also use
aluminum for the lens barrels. Aluminum
against aluminum unfortunately has a huge amount of friction. This quite easily leads to filters being very
difficult to remove. The best filter
mounts are the ones made of brass. Brass
against aluminum has a very low coefficient of friction and therefore brass
mount filters are always quite easy to remove.
This brings us back to UV filters,
permanently attached for protection. Do
we really want this, do we really need this?
Based on the flat glass comment at Leitz Wetzlar, I never use any
filters unless absolutely necessary and I have done so for years. None of my lenses have ever been hurt because
I take other safety precautions. The
main one being that I always use a solid lens shade. That gives any lens a considerable amount of
protection because the glass surface of the lens is recessed by a certain amount. This greatly eliminates the possibility of
physical harm. Of course accidents can
happen. I look at my insurance as a
measure to protect my lenses in those cases.
Of course when shooting under
condition where these measures are inadequate, a UV filter is definitely a good
idea. For instance when shooting under
extremely dusty conditions, or when wind whips up a lot of dust and fine sand,
we should not subject our lenses to such ill treatment. That is where a high quality UV filter is
definitely helpful. But personally, I
leave it at that.
Should we all use just Leica
filters? The simple answer is no. Leica is not a filter manufacturer. To my knowledge most of their filters are
made by Schneider through their B+W division.
B+W have proven to make some of the highest quality filters money can
buy. Equal in performance are the
Heliopan filters. Heliopan is owned by
Zeiss. Staying with those two
manufacturers will always give you the assurance of keeping the ill side
effects of filters to a minimum. The top
quality filters from Hoya could be added to that category as well.
Considering the overall performance
of Leica and other high quality lenses it just doesn’t seem right to put flat
pieces of glass in front of them except
unless absolutely necessary. It
especially doesn't make any sense at all to have the light pass through a
cheaply made, low quality filter before it even reaches the lens just to save a
few bucks. That approach has served me
well over the years and will continue to do so.
I have observed this discussion elsewhere and most of the time people swear that they cannot see any difference in their results with and without a filter.
ReplyDeleteI am aware of that. However, these result very much depend on how the tests are conducted. I prefer to rely on scientific data rather than hear say. With even some basic understanding of physics it should be obvious that a flat piece of glass (filter) in front of a lens does have some adverse effect. How much depends on the thickness of the filter (the thicker the more pronounced) and how parallel the two surfaces are to each other. I have seen inexpensive filters where some of these adverse effects are visible to the naked eye. In the final analysis it obviously is up to each individual if they want to use filters on their cameras or not. Considering the cost of Leica lenses, I'll be damned if I don't do everything possible to get the most out of them, That includes not using any filters as much as possible.
DeleteI have a filter on one of my lenses that I cannot remove. Short of buying a special tool, do you have any ideas how I might remove it
ReplyDeleteWhen a filter is overly tight on a lens trying to remove it by usual means, meaning we put the rim of the filter between thumb and index finger, usually results in the filter being even tighter. Because the filter is too tight to begin with, we have to apply a lot more pressure to prevent the fingers from slipping. This results in the filter mount slightly distorting which tightens it even more. Instead put the flattened palm of your hand against the filter, covering as much of it with your hand as possible. With adequate pressure against the filter, turning the hand usually will unscrew the filter.
DeleteThanks for the fast reply. I just tried what you suggested and, voila, the filter came right off. I will now have to decide if I want to further put filters on my lenses.
DeleteBy the way, it was a Hoya filter which has an aluminum mount. Judging what you wrote about aluminum vs. brass mounts, that might very well be the reason why the filter was overly tight in the first place.
DeleteWhat are your thoughts on filters like Cokin and similar systems?
ReplyDeleteJack La See
Cokin and similar filter systems for the most part use acrylic as their filter material. It doesn't get much worse. for one thing, these filters are all substantially thicker than most glass filters, which greatly increases the distortion effects mentioned in the article. In addition, all plastics, including acrylis will scatter the light internally because of the huge molecules inherent to these materials. The result is an even greater image deterioration. To me it simply makes no sense at all to shoot Leicas and then have some of the performance potential of these lenses stuck in a cheap piece of plastic.
DeleteWhat about special purpose filters like ND filters or polarizing filters, for instance?
ReplyDeleteGood question! I should have mentioned these filters in the above article. Obviously, these are filters which by design have the potential to improve the image. The ability of a polarizer to eliminate or reduce reflections can often render a much better photograph than without its use. I have run into that many times when doing architectural photography. Just as any other filter, these filters will lead to a certain image degradation as well. But it makes a lot more sense to allow that and get a good photograph than no photograph or one of questionable quality by not using such a filter.
ReplyDeleteCan you give me an example where a ND filter would be beneficial? I realize they cut down on light intensity.
DeleteOne element of composition is depth of field. In some instances reducing depth of field can make for a better photograph by blurring an otherwise distracting background, for instance. With fast lenses, used wide open, we obviously have the possibility to greatly reduce depth of field. If, however, the lighting conditions are such that they do not allow for a fast lens to be used wide open, the control over depth of field is greatly reduced. Using an ND filter might very well cut down on the light intensity to allow the lens to be used at maximum aperture. Variable ND filters are especially helpful in such situations.
ReplyDeleteIs there any difference in quality between Leica, Heliopan or B+W filters? Do you prefer one over the other?
DeleteI don't think so. All of these filters are made to rather exacting standards. Their manufacture is basically no different from making a high quality lens element.
ReplyDelete