An interesting, but
relatively unknown fact is that NASA initially had chosen the Leica MDa as the
camera to be used on their lunar missions.
The reason was weight. Of all the
systems for the Apollo missions, one could never be tested because of the low gravity
of the moon. That was the take-off
module. To gain as much of a weight
advantage as possible, NASA did everything they could to save weight. That included the camera equipment. The Leica MDa with 35mm f/1.4 Summilux was
definitely lighter than anything Hasselblad, their regular camera of choice,
had to offer. Leitz modified several
cameras and lenses to feature large levers to allow camera operation with the
bulky gloves of the space suits. The
astronauts chosen for the lunar missions all received extensive training in the
use of the camera.
NASA Leica MDa. Modifications appear to be a soft shutter
release, a larger shutter speed dial, an enlarged film wind lever a large
rewind knob and an enlarged lever to open the camera. The top of the camera also has a beefed up
plate with an accessory show attached.
There is also an electronic connection of an unknown purpose in place of
the PC connection.
Modifications of the lens are
large levers for the aperture and focus settings, all designed for easy
operation with the gloves of the space suits.
Yet, as is common knowledge,
the Leica never made it to the moon. The
credit goes to one engineer who figured out that the interchangeable film backs
for the Hasselblad were lighter than the Leica MDa with its Summilux lens. Subsequently NASA decided to use the
Hasselblad after all. The Saturn 5
rockets had no problem delivering the payload to the moon. For the return trip it was subsequently
decided to remove the film backs from the cameras and to leave the cameras and
lenses on the moon where they still reside today. A total of 12 Hasselblad cameras and lenses
are sitting in the lunar dust, ready to be picked up.
An intriguing question is if
they might be still able to operate properly after all these years in the
extremely harsh environment of the lunar surface.
Since then a few more details
about the NASA – Leica connection have emerged.
One virtually unknown fact is that NASA also used the Leicafelx SL. For what purpose is unknown at this point. I have also found that in 1966, NASA ordered
150 Leica cameras. Unfortunately it was
not stated which cameras they were.
The camera appears to be
without visible modifications other than the deeply knurled shutter speed dial
to accommodate the heavy gloves of the space suits.
Already in the earliest
stages of the NASA space program, Leica cameras were part of the equation. One such camera was the Leica Ig. With this camera astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr.,
took the first human-shot, color still photographs of the Earth during his
three-orbit mission on February 20, 1962. Glenn's pictures paved the way for
future Earth photography experiments on American human spaceflight missions.
Because Glenn was wearing a
spacesuit, complete with helmet during his February 20, 1962 mission, he could
not get his eye close to a built-in viewfinder.
Therefore NASA selected the high-quality Leica Ig camera that allowed
them to attach a customized viewfinder on top. This special attachment featured
a suction cup on the back side to allow Glenn to easily place the device
against the visor when he was required to keep it down. The viewfinder was
removable when Glenn did not need his visor down, and a velcro strip on the
rounded top let him manage its location inside the spacecraft. Glenn found the camera easy to use, in part
because he could exploit the advantages of zero-gravity.
"When I needed both
hands, I just let go of the camera and it floated there in front of me,"
he said in his later memoir.
The 1957 Leica Ig was the
last Leica screwmount model made, with production ending in 1963. It was the successor to the If and is the
only screwmount camera with the word 'Leica' engraved on the front of the
camera. This camera had the same profile as the IIIg but without the
viewfinder/rangefinder incorporated into the top. As with both the Ic and If there were two
accessory shoes mounted for attaching a separate viewfinder and rangefinder.
The rewind knob was partially recessed into the top plate. As with the Ic and the If, the Ig was
intended for scientific or Visoflex use.
A little known fact is that a
Leica M3 accompanied the astronauts on a September 1995 Endeavour space shuttle
mission. As reported by the Houston
Chronicle…
NASA Photographer Makes
History With Trusty Camera
MARK CARREAU Staff
SAT 02/10/1996 HOUSTON
CHRONICLE
Odds are that Andrew
Patnesky, ""Pat" to his colleagues, has used the vintage Leica
camera that swings from his leathery neck like an old dog tag to photograph
every American astronaut since Alan Shepard.
It was only fitting that the
trademark photo gear with the thick rubber band binding its aging components
together accompanied a shuttle crew into orbit recently, something the
75-year-old NASA photographer couldn't do.
""I think the world
of that camera," said Patnesky, who shuns more modern gear with the
automated features that focus and advance film in favor of the all-manual Leica
M3.
""I have other
cameras, but they don't measure up," he said. ""Anyone can just
go shoot. Anyone can be a photographer, but not everyone can be a
photojournalist."
Patnesky fretted over the
Leica's absence during its orbital journey aboard the shuttle Endeavour last
September. The separation was prolonged for several weeks after the shuttle's
return so that the Leica could be unpacked and its journey officially
documented.
""I feel kind of
naked without it," he joked recently, clearly relieved that the old camera
was available once again for his patrols of the space center's astronaut
training facilities.
Patnesky staked his claim to
the government-owned gear when he spotted it in an equipment closet soon after
he joined NASA in 1961. The Johnson Space Center, then known as the Manned
Spacecraft Center, was just beginning to take shape in Houston.
""None of the other
dingbats would use it. So I said, `Hey, give it to me,' " recalled
Patnesky, who spares no one, least of all himself, from his playful verbal
digs.
Relying on his 21 years of
experience as a photographer with the old U.S. Army Air Corps and then its
successor, the Air Force, Patnesky began to chronicle, with the trusty Leica,
the personalities who led America to the moon.
In those days, he said, the
news media was thirsty for a steady stream of photographs of astronauts as they
trained for their Apollo flights in exotic locales, from the Gulf of Mexico
where they rehearsed post-splashdown procedures in rough seas to the deserts of
Mexico.
During one of the Mexican
excursions - it was a training jaunt by Shepard and astronaut Edgar Mitchell to
prepare for their Apollo 14 flight - an instructor-geologist challenged
Patnesky to descend into a rocky crater for photographs.
As he made his way to the
crater floor, Patnesky slipped between the boulders. The Leica's fragile view
finder broke away, disappearing between the rocks. Rather than replace the
camera, though, he obtained a new view finder and lashed it in place with the
first of a succession of wide rubber bands, lending the camera its rag tag
character.
To this day Patnesky finds
the Leica perfect for his needs, rubber bands and all.
With its precise mechanics
and acute optics, the old camera makes little shutter noise and requires no
flash when its operator is photographing in the Mission Control Center, the
space shuttle simulator or the administrative offices.
""I like to shoot
on a noninterference basis," he said. ""That is how you get the
best shots."
The strategy has permitted
Patnesky to photograph all of the American presidents with astronauts from John
Kennedy to Bill Clinton. It allowed him to capture the drama of the Challenger
accident as it was reflected in the faces of the personnel in Mission Control,
as well as the majesty of Anwar Sadat, the late president of Egypt, during a
state visit.
His favorite subjects,
though, are the astronauts, from the original Mercury explorers to Neil
Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, the first lunar explorers, and now the shuttle
astronauts and their recent Russian cosmonaut guests.
""My friendship
with the astronauts means a helluva lot to me. I admire those guys for all the
hours they put in," said Patnesky. ""One way or another I've
photographed every one of them."
One of 10 children born to a
Pennsylvania coal mining family, he commutes 110 miles to work each day from a
home north of Houston and shares time with his wife in a second home near San
Antonio.
Wiry and healthy, Patnesky
will log his 56th complete year of government service on Oct. 1. He is coy
about his retirement plans.
But he feels so strongly
about his association with the astronauts that he is willing to part with his
Leica when he leaves NASA. He wants it to go on display at the Astronaut Hall
of Fame, just outside the gates of the Kennedy Space Center in Titusville, Fla.
My continued research into
Leica cameras that were used by NASA has yielded another interesting
result. This Leica camera was used in
conjunction with a spectrograph and was used on the Gemini V and VIII missions.
Longer missions during the Gemini program gave astronauts more time for
scientific experiments, often created and monitored by other government
agencies or academic institutions. Scientists at the U.S. Weather Bureau (now
NOAA) created this camera attachment so it could simultaneously record a spectrum
and an infrared image to determine cloud heights.
The camera appears to be a
model M3. It is unknown if any special
modification were necessary for this specialized use.
It is not known if any
current Leica equipment is being used by NASA.
The delay by Leica to introduce top level digital cameras leads me to
believe that other manufacturers might have been chosen. However, this is an ongoing research project
and should new information become available, you will read about here.
________________________________
Next Friday - Cumberland: Island of Conflict and Change by Jeff Kauck
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