No camera in history has
influenced photography as we know it as much as the Leica has. Not only was it the Leica that established
35mm photography as a viable, professional photographic format, it also allowed
the creation of a totally different style of photography, a style that allowed
to shoot virtually instantaneously and thus capture true to life photographs
like never before. Photo journalism as
we know it would never have happened without the Leica. Not only that, but the Leica also gave other
manufacturers the impetus to design, build and market competing cameras.
Subsequently much has been
written about the Leica company and its products over the years. Many people are familiar with the original
prototype Leicas, the UR-Leica and the preproduction models which preceded the
first Leica that reached the market.
However, little is known about the development of cameras that Leica
built and tried, which never did make it to the market. Anyone who ever visited the Leica museum will
have noticed a variety of Leica Versuchsmodelle (test cameras), which present a
fascinating insight of the Leica cameras beyond what is generally known.
These cameras go back almost
to the very first days when the Leica reached the photographic camera
market. Oskar Barnack, ever looking for
improvement, was the first to try different approaches and variations of his
initial creations.
Almost as soon as photography
was invented, as soon as the first pictures were made, people looked beyond the
flat, two dimensional pictures, to create more lifelike pictures. This lead to stereo photography soon after
the basic photographic processes had been invented.
Thus it is not surprising
that Oskar Barnack looked at stereo photography as well. He designed a stereo Leica in 1935 which
essentially was a stretched version of an existing Leica with two lenses, the
Doppel Leica (double Leica). Besides the
two lenses, the camera also had two shutters which were released simultaneously
when the shutter release was depressed. The
film advance was modified such that after each exposure the film was advanced
two frames. The two lenses were 35mm
lenses with the viewfinder positioned exactly between the two.
Doppel Leica (double Leica) for stereo photography
Another one of Barnack’s
experimental cameras, also made in the 1930s is a panorama camera. The lens was connected to the camera with a
bellows and a clockwork mechanism allowed the camera to pivot about its axis.
Panorama Leica
At approximately the same
time, an experimental body was designed with a two-lens turret which allowed
two lenses to be mounted simultaneously and to be easily switched from one to
the other by simply turning the turret.
Leica Turret
Another camera of that time
was the Leica 250 which allowed being loaded with film for 250 exposures. This camera is relatively well known since it
was marketed for a short time. It also
included an electric motor for more rapid film advance. Another prototype of this camera does exist
with a tall body design which features a completely flat top plate with only
the shutter release, shutter speed dial and an accessory shoe attached. Why this departure from the standard model
was made is unknown.
Marketed version of Leica 250 with attached motor
Leica 250 tall body
The Leica 250 was accompanied
in 1934 by another, long roll prototype, the Leica 75. It was built to investigate if there was
enough interest on the camera market for a camera with an extended length of
film for 75 exposures. The camera was
based on the Leica IIIa and was the only Leica ever besides the 250 that had cassette
to cassette film advance.
Leica 75
Another camera designed at
the same time period was a Leica II with an opening back to facilitate easier
loading. This design too never reached
the market and an opening back was not to be seen until the introduction of the
Leica M3.
Leica II with opening back
In the early 1950, so called
half frame cameras gained a certain popularity and Leica explored the market
with the Leica 72, a half frame version of the Leica IIIa with a negative size
of 18mm x 24mm. A few of these cameras
were made in Wetzlar, but the vast majority of the cameras sold were made in
the Leitz facility in Midland, Ontario.
Since a half frame design
takes up less space, Leitz designed two cameras specifically for the half frame
format. This resulted in the Leica Box
from the early 1950s. Even more
streamlined was the Leica H from 1959.
This was a beautifully made camera with automatic exposure control. The most notable feature was a folding lens,
very much like on the Minox EL. It allowed
the lens to be folded into the camera body when not in use. Even though it was never confirmed, it is
thought that the Leica H design resulted in the development of another camera
at Leica, a design that was later transferred to Minox in Giessen, only 20
miles from Wetzlar
Marketed version of Leica 72 with viewfinder mask
Leica Box
Leica H
In the early 1950s Leitz
developed an even smaller camera for use with 16mm motion picture film. This camera was designed to use a special
cassette for the film to allow instant loading, not unlike the Kodak 126 and
110 Instamatic film cartridges. It is
interesting to note that this development took place before Kodak introduced
the 126 Instamatic.
Leica Cassetta 16mm (?) cartridge camera, body only
Further development of this principle
resulted in a camera that came the closest to being marketed by Leitz. Initially it was planned to introduce the
camera at the 1974 Photokina in Cologne, but further market research indicated that
it was an inappropriate camera for Leitz.
The camera was the Leica 110, utilizing the Kodak 110 film. Even sales literature had been printed and
Leitz, together with Agfa even developed a 110 slide projector which was
marketed by both companies for a short time.
The Leica 110 was without a doubt one of the most sophisticated and best
performing 110 camera, and a number of people still question the last minute decision
not to market the camera. Slides taken
with the camera on Kodachrome 25 were of an absolutely fascinating quality.
Leica 110 chrome
Leica 110 black
Pradovit Color 110 projector
How serious Leitz was about
the 110 format is further shown by a technical drawing from a patent filed for
a 110 zoom SLR camera. It is unknown if
any experimental models were ever made, but it is an interesting design for
sure.
Leica 110 Zoom SLR
Besides the original Leica
prototype, the Ur-Leica, one of the most significant developments in the
history of Leica was the Leica M3. It
came about from the need to have easier interchangeable lenses with a
viewfinder that allowed the use of most Leica lenses without the need for
auxiliary viewfinders. Obviously, this
camera did not come about overnight. It
was the culmination of a long development process. One of the earliest moves in this direction
was the Leica IV. While still relying on
the standard Leica screw mount, the camera did have a built-in viewfinder/rangefinder
with interchangeable segments that allowed switching between different focal
lengths.
Leica IV
Leica IV with removed viewfinder module
Leica IV technical drawing
These are only a few experimental
cameras that we know of, a lot more has and is going on at Leitz/Leica that we
don’t know about. But it is a
fascinating insight into the history Leica.
I am now looking forward to visiting Solms during my trip to Germany in
a few months. Maybe I luck out and find
an interesting piece of Leica lore that I don’t know about yet. Either way, I will report on it on these
pages. Stay tuned.
This is a very interesting article. I have to assume that these cameras are all at Leica in Germany. How were you able to obtain the photographs? It amazes me how you continue to come up with all these Leica items that are so out of the ordinary, I have never seen this discussed anywhere else.
ReplyDeleteThe Leica museum has always been a treasure trove of information. I have visited Wetzlar and now Solms on many occasions and have always taken advantage of the possibility to take pictures. This was especially successful on a visit to the Leitz Wetzlar in 1974 with my father. We were greeted by Rüdiger "Rudi" Kraut who gave us an extended tour of the facility, including the Leica museum. At that time it was located on the second floor, right above the main entrance and could be reached by the large staircase leading up. Rudi was very generous and allowed me to take many photographs, including repositioning several of the items to obtain a better look. In the past I was also able to obtain many copies of photographs from the Leitz archives from Dr. Wangorsch, the former curator of the Leica museum. Getting to know several of the Leica people on a more personal basis also allowed me to visit the Leica facility in Midland, Ontario. Initially I was told that visits there were never allowed because of the many classified projects they were working on. But a bit of prying and pleading resulted in a visit. This was coordinated with a visit from the head of the main Leica importer to Japan at the time which resulted in a much more in-depth look at the facility. Unfortunately we were specifically asked not to take any photographs because of the many 'not-for-public-eyes' projects. I had initially thought of sneaking some photos with a Minox that I had brought along but then decided not to go against the trust that had been given to me. So, for the most part, what I have from that visit are memories, great memories.
ReplyDeleteWould it be possible for anyone to take pictures like these at Leica?
ReplyDeleteLeica regularly conducts tours of their facility in Solms which also includes the Leica museum. The cameras in the Leica museum are all displayed in a manner that allows relatively easy access to be photographed. It is necessary to reserve a spot for the tours, however the Leica museum is accessible all the time and does not require reservations for a visit.
ReplyDeleteIs there any charge to tour the factory?
ReplyDeleteNo, but reservations are required. I should also mention that tours are available in German and English. I don't know if they are available in other languages also.
ReplyDelete