By Heinz Richter
With the introduction of the Leica in 1925, many photographers were enabled to approach photography like never before. The small size and speed of operation of the camera allowed photographers to work in a much different manner than what was possible with the slow, large cameras before. The Leica literally allowed photographers to create an entirely different type of photography, modern photojournalism.
Erich Salomon is credited of being the father of modern photojournalism. His candid photographs of important events in the early 1900s are masterworks that even today are important examples of excellent photographic work.
Mussolini, left, talking with a delegation of German diplomats in 1931.
Erich Salomon was born on April 28, 1886 in Berlin. His father was a banker; his mother came from a line of prominent publishers. He first studied zoology and then switched to engineering before finally settling on law. He got his degree in 1913.
At the outbreak of World War I Salomon was drafted into the army. He was captured during the first Battle of the Marne. He spent the next four years in prisoner-of-war camps, where he served as an interpreter. He became fluent in French which later proved to be invaluable in gaining entry to conferences.
After the war Salomon began to work for Ullstein publishing house in 1925. At Ullstein, Salomon immediately was fascinated by photography, and soon began shooting feature pictures for the Ullstein dailies. He began to experiment with the technique of shooting indoors by existing light and, after mastering it, had no trouble convincing Ullstein to let him cover the headline-making trial of a police killer for Berliner Illustrierte.
Ermanox camera with Ernostar 100mm f/2 lens
Erich Salomon with his Ermanox camera
Erich Salomon, Self-Portrait on Board of the Mauretania, 1929
Erich Salomon, right, using a Leica camera, and E.O. Hoppé photographing each other, 1936
The camera Salomon used was the Ermanox, a 2 1/4 x 1 7/8 glass plate camera with a 100mm lens of the then sensational speed of f/2. Later on, when the Leica too offered lenses of that speed, Salomon switched to using the smaller and easier to operate Leica cameras.
Photography in courtrooms was forbidden. Any pictures taken would have been a major scoop for the paper, but the ones that Salomon returned were extraordinary. Salomon had accomplished this by hiding his camera in a bowler hat, cutting a hole for the lens. On the last day, when a court attendant finally realized what he was doing and demanded his negatives, Salomon resorted to a trick he used time and time again. He handed over unexposed plates, and left with the exposed ones still in his pockets. Salomon was known to have rather droopy coat pockets. He was using glass plates in his camera at the time, unexposed plates in one and the exposed ones in the other. In 1928, only one year after he had become interested in photography, Salomon´s career was launched.
Krantz trial. Hilde Scheller in the witness box, Berlin, 1928
At another murder trial Salomon concealed his Ermanox in an attaché case which contained a set of levers to trigger the shutter. When these pictures were widely published throughout Europe, he left his staff position at Ullstein to become a full-time professional. That same year, he covered his first series of international conferences: the summit meeting in Lugano, a session of the League of Nations in Geneva, and the signing of the Kellogg-Briand disarmament pack in Paris, where he calmly walked in and took the seat of the absent Polish delegate. In his free time, he frequented diplomatic and social events in Berlin.
Five Gentlemen Conversing around a Table, c. 1928
Albert Einstein with British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, Nobel Prize-winner Max Planck, far left
and other German political and business leaders in August 1931
Because of his persistence, unobtrusive manner, and dramatic results, Salomon found little objection to his presence at events where all other photographers were excluded. Indeed, many statesmen began to develop a good-humored acceptance of his presence. At the opening of an international gathering, the French Foreign Minister, Aristide Briand is known to have been looking around saying, "Where is Dr. Salomon? We can´t start without him. The people won´t think this conference is important at all!"
Aristide Briand pointing to Salomon, shouting: "Ah ! le voilà ! The king of the indiscreet !" (1930)
German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann en route to Paris for signature of the Briand-Kellogg Pact, 1928.
By 1931, Salomon was at the top of his career. But Salomon´s celebrity in his homeland was short-lived. Only a year later, after returning from his second trip to America, he found Hitler gaining power in Germany. The Weimar Republic was soon to come to its end. Salomon began making preparations to leave.
Salomon decided to settle in Holland, his wife´s native country. They moved to The Hague where he still covered many important events. He also continued to travel. Britain especially fascinated him, and he made frequent visits to photograph government and opposition leaders and members of the royal family. In the late thirties he was invited to come to America by Life magazine. They had published many of his photographs. He considered emigrating, but kept procrastinating. Soon it was too late to leave. In May 1940, the Nazis took Holland in just four days. The famous photographer from Berlin was now forced to wear a yellow star. In 1943, Salomon and his family went into hiding. They were betrayed by a meter reader who noted an increase in gas consumption. According to Red Cross records, Erich Salomon, his wife and their younger son died at Auschwitz in July 1944, a month after the Allies landed in Normandy.
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Why didn't Salomon use a Leica as soon as it was available?
ReplyDeleteSince the majority of his work was done indoors with available light, the extra stop of the 100mm f/2 Ernostar had a definite advantage over the 50mm f/3.5 Elmax and later Elmar lens on the Leica. The first F/2 lens introduced by Leitz was the 50mm f/2 Summar in 1933.
DeleteCould the Ermanox only be used with glass plates? What about film?
ReplyDeleteThe camera was designed to use glass plates in single plate holders. Ermanox never made any accessories that allowed the use of roll film. However, I did have a Japanese made roll film holder for 127 film in my camera collection which fit the Ermanox. It allowed me to use roll film with my Ermanox as well.
DeleteWhat was the negative size of the Ermanox?
ReplyDeleteIt was 6x4.5 cm (2 1/4 x 1 7/8 inch). This meant that the 100mm Ernostar lens functioned as a normal lens, just like a 50mm lens on a 35mm camera.
DeleteWhat does the expression "normal lens" refer to?
DeleteA normal lens gives a field of view very much the same as the human eye. The focal length of a normal lens is close to the the diagonal of the film format. That's why the early Leicas came equipped with 50mm lenses and the Ermanox with a 100mm lens.
DeleteIsn't that rather vague? Applying some simple math, the diagonal of a 35mm negative comes to 43.3mm while that of the 6x4.5com size of the Ermanox comes out to be 75mm
DeleteYou are correct, Effectively, that makes the lenses on both the Leica and the Ermanox very slight telephoto lenses. But the differences are very minor. For the Leica that means a magnification of 1.15x and for the Ermanox 1.33x.
DeleteHow does the size of the Ermanox compare to a Leica?
ReplyDeleteConsidering the relatively large negative size, the camera was actually quite small. It was not as wide as the Leica, but a bit taller. The folding viewfinder was roughly the same size as those on the early preproduction Leicas. But the 100mm f/2 Ernostar was quite massive. It had a substantially larger diameter than a 50mm Elmar on the Leica and it stuck out much further from the camera. As a matter of fact, the lens did not have an infinity stop. Instead the focusing mount allowed to move the lens back a lot further to make storing and transporting the camera less cumbersome. Then, to use the camera, the lens had to be extended to its regular working position. All in all it wasn't too bad. Working with the Ermanox that I used to have in my camera collection, handling was much better than with most camera of the time.
DeleteIncredible historical piece. Thank you for the write up!
ReplyDelete