When the Leica was first
marketed in 1925 it was without competition.
It was an entirely new concept, not seen before. Thus it was no surprising that the camera
immediately became a huge success with competing companies struggling to offer
something similar. Soon Zeiss entered
the market with the Contax, as did others, including Kodak with the German made
Retina, but none ever had the success of the Leica.
This success continued
after being interrupted by WWII, with the first post war model, the Leica IIIf
and then the incredible M3 which lives on in its basic concept even today with
the Leica M. Of course there were
cameras from competing companies as well, the continuation of the Zeiss Contax
as the main competitor. Kodak too tried
to get a hold on the 35mm rangefinder market with their incredible Ektra, but
Leica remained on top.
This success continued
even far into the new 35mm single lens reflex camera market which rapidly
gained popularity. This brings us to an
interesting concept from Switzerland, the Alpa Reflex.
Alpa was an offshoot of
the Pignons S.A. company, which made specialty parts (pinions) for Swiss
watches. In the late 1930s, Pignons
invited engineer Jacques Bolsky to design a camera for them. This resulted in
the Alpa-Reflex in the 1940s. As did
most everyone else, he took a close look at the Leica, but also at the emerging
single lens reflex cameras (SLR). As a
company involved in the watchmaking industry, the Alpa camera turned out to be
an incredibly well made piece of equipment, mostly hand made with extremely
tight tolerances.
What set the camera apart
from virtually all cameras at the time is the fact that the camera was a
hybrid, offering rangefinder focusing as well as single lens reflex viewing. A
closer look, especially at the lens, definitely reveals the influence of the
Leica. Because of the very high quality
of the camera, production was low, but quality and prices were high. Even these
days, collectible Alpa cameras can fetch quite high auction prices.
The original Alpa Reflex
Alpa was quite innovative
with other features too. There is an
ongoing question concerning which camera company was first with such
innovations as the quick-return mirror, through-the-lens metering cells in
prism housings and the bayonet lens mount. Alpa was a contender for being first
with each of these innovations and several others.
Soon after the
introduction of the Alpa Reflex, a new model was introduced. While the Alpa reflex sported a waist level
viewfinder, the new Alpa Prism Reflex was one of the first SLR cameras with a
prism viewfinder, but it also maintained rangefinder focusing.
Not only did the Apla
cameras stand out because of their very high quality, this continued with their
lenses as well. They did not make their
own lenses, instead they had them made by some of the best lens makers,
Angenieux, Kern, Kinoptik, Schneider, and others. They were the only company to guarantee
optical quality of the lenses they sold.
The Kern Macro Switar lens was a 50 mm lens at F1.8 or F1.9. It was an apochromat, and is still highly
regarded as one of the best standard lenses ever offered. Other apochromats
offered by Alpa included the 100 mm F2 and 150 mm F2.8 Kinoptik lenses. The company retained the same lens mount on
the Swiss made cameras from 1942 until they ended production. The back focus of
the body was the thinnest of any 35 mm camera, and as a result, it was possible
to make adapters to use lenses designed for almost any other 35 mm SLR on an
Alpa. Adapters offered included Exakta, M42 (automatic diaphragm and manual),
Nikon (auto and manual), Leica R, T-mount, and Contax.
Just as the combination of
rangefinder and reflex focusing was a definite deviation from the norm, Alpa
continued to be different with follow up models as well. For instance, the initial film winding knob
was replaced with a lever wind, as was the case on other cameras. But instead of using the common counter
clockwise, thumb activated winding lever, Alpa decided to do the opposite. Their winding lever stuck out from the front
of the camera and it was activated by pulling it with the right index
finger. Alpa also continued to use the
camera release via a knob on their lenses which also activated the auto stop
down of the diaphragm, a system apparently taken over from Exacta.
Alpa 9d with 50mm f/1.8
Macro Switar
The reverse wind lever and
shutter release on the lens are clearly visible
One of the strangest
accessories for the Alpa was without a doubt the motor drive. While everyone would attach the motor to the
bottom of the camera, Alpa decided to put it on the top. The motor attached by being fastened to the
screw fittings normally used to attach a neck strap. Right above the advance lever a pin stuck out
from the motor which, when activated, actually moved the advance lever as it
would normally be done by the index finger.
The shutter release was in the back of the motor which necessitated a
short cable release in front of the motor to be connected to the normal shutter
release on the lenses.
Unfortunately, Alpa did
not have the resources to keep up with the technological advances that the
mainstream camera companies were introducing in the 1970s and sales began to
decline. It is not clear whether the lack of technological
"innovation" was due to lack of money, or actually a choice made by
the company against the automation brought about by other companies.
In 1990 the company could
no longer compete with other manufacturers, especially from outside Europe. The
fatal blow however was delivered by problems within the company. Pignons SA
declared bankruptcy. The last ALPA model produced by Pignons SA was the ALPA
11.
In 1996 Capaul & Weber
from Zurich acquired the world-wide rights to the brand-name ALPA. The new
owners aimed to continue the tradition of quality established with the classic
35-mm ALPA reflex cameras and to enter into the field of medium-format cameras
which resulted in the Alpa 12 camera currently on the market. Just recently Alpa joined forces with Phase
One. They now offer the Alpa 12 with the
new, 100megapixle Phase One digital back.
As Leica enthusiast we
should be able to understand a certain resistance to market trends. The insistence on doing things their way
brought considerable financial hardships for Leica, especially their less than
lukewarm embrace of digital photography.
Fortunately, with the help of Dr. Andreas Kaufmann, the direction of the
company changed and today Leica is once again one of the major players in the
high end camera market.
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Interesting concept, combining a rangefinder with reflex viewing.
ReplyDeleteWe have a similar concept now with the Leica M (240) and the Leica M10 which combine rangefinder focusing with focusing on the viewing screen or with the electronic Visoflex.
ReplyDeleteThe Alpa motor drive has to be the most oddball approach ever.
ReplyDeleteHenry David Thoreau probably would have liked the Alpa; its designers definitely listened to a different drummer.
DeleteI own two alpa (10d and 11si) with Angenieux 28, the kern50 and the kinoptik 100 since 1975: never repaired. Outstanding yield of kinoptik and 50, which comes with resolution test. Now I use these lenses on a leica m and a sony a7rii. Nice article, my compliments.
ReplyDelete