Ernst Leitz 1
Photo taken with the Ur-Leica byOscar Barnack
Pioneer of the optical
industry in Germany
What would have happened
to Wetzlar without Ernst Leitz I? Actually, the same question could be asked
regarding the further development of microscopy and photography.
It was Ernst Leitz I who
made significant decisions in favor of Wetzlar. He and his employees initiated
important technical advances in the construction of microscopes as well as the
invention of new methods for the construction of high quality optical devices
for all areas of the natural sciences.
The industrial enterprise
he created before the First World War provided the basis for the creation of
the Leica, which revolutionized photography. The services of Ernst Leitz deserve
great praise for the worldwide appreciation of the German optical industry.
Ernst Leitz was born on
April 26, 1843 in Sulzburg in the southern state of Baden. He was the third of
four children of the school teacher Ernst August Leitz and his wife Christina, daughter
of a master baker there
Already as a student Ernst
Leitz got an insight into the workshop of his future teacher Christian Oechsle ,
who was a friend of his father. In
Oechsle's " Werkstätte
physikalischer und chemischer Instrumente und Apparate und Maschinen “ (Workshop
of Physical and Chemical Instruments and Apparatuses and Machines) the
so-called Wein Waage (wine scale) in the form of an immersion spindle for
measuring Oechsle grades (must weight) and a gold alloy balance, which are
still in use today, were invented. Christian Oechsle also produced optics,
including polarization optics.
In 1858, only 15-year-old,
Ernst Leitz succeeded in his desire to become a mechanic although his strict
father would rather have seen him study theology because for mechanics and
opticians there was no established market.
Education opportunities at
vocational schools were still in their infancy, which prompted aspiring new
entrants to become journeymen in order to learn their chosen profession.
The excellent education Ernst Leitz received at Oechsle enabled him in 1863 to move to Switzerland after a
short employment in Ulm. From Vevey on Lake Geneva, where he first visited his
older sister, he traveled to Zurich. There he worked for a short time at a
watch manufacturer. He then continued his
education in Geneva.
Carl Kellner,
founder of the Optical Institute in Wetzlar,
which later was to become the company of
Ernst Leitz Wetzlar
Ernst Leitz left Geneva to
work for some time in France. On his way
there, he encountered journeyman Karl Junker from Gießen, who initially had worked
in the optical institute of Friedrich Belthle, Carl Kellner's successor, in
Wetzlar. He later worked in the
mechanical and electro technical factory of Mathias Hipp in Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
Junker told him of
the workshop in Wetzlar and its excellent optical foundation, created by the
much too early deceased founder Carl Kellner and the successor Friedrich
Belthle. Junker realized that Ernst
Leitz I had what it takes to succeed there and he convinced him to turn back.
Karl Junker later settled
in Karlsruhe and founded the well-known factory for sewing machines and gas and
electrical household appliances called Junker & Ruh in 1870.
On New Year's Day 1864
Leitz came to Wetzlar. Wetzlar was a
quiet town with about 5000 inhabitants, where nothing much happened. In the surrounding area, 80 percent of the
population lived from low-yielding agriculture and 6.2 percent were employed
in mining.
At that time, Wetzlar
hardly had any commercially trained population. These conditions were not easy
to overcome for anyone who had to run a technical manufacturing
facility there.
Nevertheless, the Wetzlar
"Optical Institute" with its 10 to 12 employees, which produced
astronomical refractors, telescopic telescopes and microscopes, was recognized
early on in international scientific circles. In addition to Germans, English,
Swiss, Dutch and Italians were customers.
Carl Kellner was just 29
years old when he founded the “Optical Institute in 1849. Since the early death of Kellner in 1855, the
company survived on its reputation. His successor Belthle's debts were piling up. The decision of Leitz to
stay in Wetzlar can only be explained by him recognizing the company’s
potential.
In the workshops of Carl
Kellner he introduced the series production of microscopes.
Early Kellner Microscope
Starting in January 1864,
a new spirit prevailed in the workshop.
So far the 10 to 12 employees produced only between 100 and 150
microscopes annually. That was soon to change.
Ernst Leitz had become
acquainted with the serial production of instruments when he worked at Hipp. He
immediately recognized the drawbacks of the traditional one-off production of
microscopes at Belthle. He divided the
various work processes involved in the creation of the instruments into individual
assemblies. That resulted in the
individual parts being much more efficiently produced. The final assembly was faster and was also cheaper. The resulting lower prices and shorter
delivery times gave Leitz a considerable advantage over the competition.
In September 1864 the 39th
assembly of German naturalists and doctors took place in Giessen. Belthle
commissioned his only 21-year-old journeyman to exhibit and demonstrate the
microscopes of the Wetzlar workshop on the occasion of this important
scientific conference. The teacher Philipp Reis had also announced an
experimental lecture with the telephone he had invented.
At the Physical Institute
of the University of Gießen, where the lecture by Reis was to take place, Leitz
presented the Kellner-type microscopes. It was here that the two met for the first
time.
Leitz, who was well
acquainted with electricity and electromagnetism because of his work at Hipp in
Neuchâtel, took great interest in Reis's construction, which was plagued by
considerable shortcomings. Witnesses
reported that Leitz had built a nearly new device in the Institute's workshop.
Phillip Reis
Reis Telephone, made with the help of Ernst Leitz I
The renewed demonstration
of the telephone was a complete success with the help of Ernst Leitz. It took place on 21 September 1864.
(Please note that Alexander graham Bell did not show his telephone until 1876, 12 years after Reis, yet he is generally credited with the invention of the telephone.)
(Please note that Alexander graham Bell did not show his telephone until 1876, 12 years after Reis, yet he is generally credited with the invention of the telephone.)
A year later Ernst Leitz I
became partner of Friedrich Belthle. The workshop’s success continued. The 1000th microscope left the shop in 1867. When
Behltle died suddenly in 1869, Ernst Leitz became the sole proprietor of the
company. For a while kept the name Wetzlar Optical Institute, but in 1870
the company introduced an achromatic microscope in a catalog that bore for the
first time the name “Ernst Leitz Company” which was later changed to "Ernst
Leitz Wetzlar ".
The business flourished.
This positive development was accompanied by the groundbreaking discoveries in
bacteriology, virology and cytology, which were not possible without a
microscope.
Work became more complex
as a variety of new instruments was added to the line, such as a large
horizontal photographic apparatus (a novel item in the still young field of
photography) which appeared in the price list in 1865. Leitz experienced considerable competitive
pressure from Jena, where Ernst Abbe at Carl Zeiss had discovered the
foundation for modern optics. Skill and
experience alone were no longer sufficient, so in 1887 Leitz hired
mathematician Carl Metz to develop new designs.
This departure from the trial and error methods, prevalent in optical
design at the time, soon assured Leitz’ leadership in the field.
Early Leitz Microscope
1887 saw the completion
and sale of the 10,000th microscope.
Much credit must be given to Ernst Leitz for turning a once small
company in the space of a few years into an internationally renowned microscope
manufacturing plant, employing some 4000 people, almost 35 times the original
payroll.
Leitz developed into the
world's largest manufacturer of optical instruments, thanks to the focus on the
efficient production of low-cost microscopes. This ended with the outbreak of
the First World War.
Ernst Leitz II
In 1906, Ernst Leitz I
transferred responsibility for the company to his son Ernst Leitz II. Although no longer in
charge, Ernst Leitz I still made groundbreaking decisions that secured the
future of the company for many years.
Oskar Barnack
Several significant outsiders, who
brought revolutionary ideas for products and operations into the business, were
hired. On top of that list were the names Max Berek, Oskar Barnack and August
Bauer.
Max Berek
Oskar Barnack
revolutionized photography with his construction of a small camera, the Ur-Leica
which evolved into a totally new camera system, consisting not only of cameras
and lenses, but also of darkroom devices and slide projectors for the small
Leica format. The negative in the format of 24 x 36 mm brought great advantages
and replaced photography with larger format cameras to quite an extend.
Ur-Leica
Max Berek created the
first Leica lenses that were unsurpassed in their quality. Without them, the
novel camera would never have prevailed. Berek also designed polarization microscopy
with new research methods and inventions. Leitz polarization microscopes for mineralogy
and geology, but also for other applications, became role models for the
competition.
August Bauer was a
universal genius at the establishment of functional manufacturing processes.
Even with the introduction of new production facilities, such as a foundry and
a branch office for projection equipment, Bauer showed extraordinary expertise.
Ernst Leitz I and Oskar Barnack vacationing in the Black Forest
Photo taken with the UR-Leica
In the summer of 1920,
Ernst Leitz I, who had since been named honorary citizen of Wetzlar and
honorary doctor of the medical faculty of the Philipps University in Marburg,
traveled to Switzerland to the places where he worked as a traveling journeyman,
accompanied by his grandnephew Henri Dumur.
On July 10, Ernst Leitz I
died completely unexpected of heart failure at the age of 77.
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